Eye Health And Diseases
What is Eye Disease?
Eye Diseases are a physical disorder that may develop due to environmental or genetic factors and may cause various visual problems. All kinds of diseases that occur on the eyelids, in hyaloid membrane which protects the eye against the external influences and known as the transparent layer, tear ducts, eye lenses or eye tissues that surround the eye are called eye diseases.
What Are the Causes of Eye Diseases?
Eye diseases may develop due to genetic or environmental causes. The most common causes of eye diseases:
What are the Symptoms of Eye Diseases?
Any problem in the eye, which is one of the most important sensory organs of the body, can be easily noticed because of a decrease in vision or cause of complaints such as stinging, burning and similar disorders in the eye. One or more of the problems such as;
Retinal Diseases
What is Retina?
The retina is the layer that forms the most inner layer of our eyeball and contains the light-sensitive cells and nerve fibers that make us see. Specialized region, which provides the center vision and on which the light is focused, is called macula (yellow dot) in retina.
Symptoms of Retinal Diseases
What are Retinal Diseases?
Who should undergo cataract surgery? When should undergo cataract surgery?
When visual impairment progress starts to disrupt patient’s daily life, cataract surgery should be performed. If the cataract is fully developed and becomes opaque as frosted glass, it should be treated more urgently. It is even possible for a mature cataract to swell and even to be distributed in the eye. Such changes present a danger of permanent vision loss.
In congenital cataracts, surgery should be performed immediately when vision is prevented.
How is cataract surgery performed?
There are various techniques. Depending on the condition of the eye and the patient, the surgeon who will perform the surgery will decide which technique to use. The most widely used method is phacoemulsification. The purpose of the surgery is to remove the whole part of the lens of implanted eye or the material inside it. When an artificial lens is not replaced by this natural lens, the patient will be doomed to thick glasses. Therefore, artificial intraocular lens should be placed in most patients.
Glaucoma
Glaucoma, commonly known as ocular tension or blackwater disease, is a common eye disease that can cause loss of vision, affecting millions of people.
What are the symptoms?
In glaucoma, elevated fluid pressure in the eye causes vision loss and damage to the visual nerve which is necessary for eyesight. Primary open-angle glaucoma is the most common cause of glaucoma-associated blindness in the world. Usually it doesn't give any symptoms, it proceeds quietly and secretly.
What are the factors that increase the risk of glaucoma?
Advances in age, familial history of glaucoma, smoking, diabetes, myopia, hyperopia, high - low blood pressure, long - term use of cortisone, migraine, severe inflammation in the eyes and history of infection, previous eye surgery and eye injuries are the main reasons for this. Early diagnosis is very important because glaucoma does not give any symptoms and visual loss cannot be reversed. The earlier the disease is detected, the less the loss of vision is.
How is it diagnosed?
Measurement of eye tension with devices called tonometer, evaluation of eye nerve damage (eye ground treatment, OCT and HRT advanced technology testing devices), visual field test and eye drain angle examination (Gonioscopy), advanced methods for visual nerve and nerve fiber layer, OCT (optic nerve tomography) and HRT (nerve fiber analysis) devices are of great importance in the planning of diagnosis and treatment of glaucoma.
How is the treatment?
In the treatment, primarily drugs that reduce intraocular pressure can be given. Laser and surgical treatment can also be applied if necessary. Narrow-angle glaucoma is another type of glaucoma characterized by intense eye pain, blurred vision and redness in the eye, which can be manifested by a sudden crisis and cause vomiting with nausea. If the emergency treatment is not done, vision may be lost. In glaucoma seen in infants, there is severe watering, sensitivity to light, growth in the eyes and graying of the eyes. Treatment of congenital glaucoma is mainly surgery.
Lacrimal duct obstruction
The lacrimal sac and lacrimal ducts deliver the tears to the nasal cavity. Obstruction of these channels for various reasons causes the tears to flow out. This obstruction may be congenital, or may be due to trauma, inflammation or nasal surgery.
What are the symptoms?
In patients with occluded tear ducts, symptoms such as continuous flowing of the tears out, inflammation of the lacrimal sac, redness of the lacrimal sac and swelling of the sac.
What are the treatment methods?
Open surgery is a classical operation that has been performed for nearly a hundred years (Toti surgery). However, the endoscopes, which are gained by the rapid development of technology in medicine, have emerged internal, ie closed method,
as an option.
Lazy Eye
Lazy eye called amblyopia in medicine, is a 20% or more reduction in visual acuity in either eye or in one of the eyes. Its frequency in society varies between 2-4%.
Vision is a skill that the brain learns from birth. If there is a defect in the delivery of visual stimulation to the brain due to some congenital or subsequent ocular disorders (cataract, strabismus, high eye disorder, etc.), it can develop laziness in infancy and childhood when vision develops rapidly. Prevention of eye laziness and providing binocular vision (both eyes) are of critical importance, especially in the first two years, when the nervous system is still flexible. Therefore, the sooner the treatment is started, the better the results are. In particular, children who have lazy eye or strabismus in their family should have a complete ophthalmic examination by an ophthalmologist before the age of 3 years. However, even if there are no complaints or risk factors, a routine ophthalmologic examination is required by the ophthalmologist at the latest 3-4 years of age.
Retinal detachment
‘Retinal detachment’ is the separation of neurosensory retina, ie. nerve-sensory layer, from retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) which is the outer layer of the retina, by accumulating fluid between the RPE and photoreceptor (photosensitive) layers. Loss of visual function in the dissociated retinal region can progress to complete vision loss.
What are the syptoms of RD?
Patients with retinal detachment describe visual acuity at the beginning, oval-round shapes and spider web images, black and red spots and finally, loss of visual field, which corresponds to the separated retinal region. The severity of the symptoms may vary depending on the type, place and duration of detachment.
How to treat RD?
Surgical methods are applied in the rhegmatogenous retinal detachment. These include the compression of the sclera with an external, permanent or temporary material, closure of the rhegmatogenous using laser, crio or diathermy, intraocular tamponade (pneumatic retinopexy) and vitrectomy surgery.
Xerophthalmia
Dry eye is the lack of tears. The tear layer consists of a mucus layer that immediately spreads over the eye, an aqueous layer in the middle, and fatty (lipid) layers on the outermost side. The deficiency or disorder of any of these three layers leads to dry eye complaints and signs.
What are the complaints of dry eye patients?
Dry eye patients may complain of dryness in the eyes, burning, stinging, foreign body sensation, redness, wind or cigarette smoke disturbance, formation of mucus strands around the eyes and/or difficulty in using contact lenses. These patients may occasionally complain of dryness-induced irritation and paradoxical watering.
What are the causes of dry eye?
Tear secretion decreases in men and women with advancing age. However, dry eye is especially common in postmenopausal women. Apart from this, diuretic, blood pressure-lowering, anti-allergic, antidepressant drugs, sleep drugs and alcohol can cause dryness of the eye.
Severe dry eye may be associated with Sjögren Syndrome, which is accompanied by dry mouth. In this case, patients have an immune-dysfunction or connective tissue disease, which usually involves joint rheumatism, as well as whole-body systems. Sjögren syndrome is usually seen in women around 50 years of age.
How is dry eye diagnosed?
A simple eye examination by an ophthalmologist can easily diagnose dry eye. The patient's history is also very helpful in the diagnosis. In addition, the staining of the tears with special dyes or the determination of the amount of tears with the help of tear strips are also simple tests for diagnosis.
How is dry eye treated?
In order to keep the eye moist, there are many artificial tears and gels that replace the tears. Patients who feel the need to use artificial tears more than 4-5 times a day, there are also disposable artificial tear preparations which do not contain preservatives. Cyclosporine, which is essentially an immunoregulatory drug, is one of the newest drugs used in dry eye treatment recently. It is reported that this drug, which can be instilled into the eye in the form of a suspension, increases the production of tears by reducing the inflammation of the major tear gland.
Diabetic Retinopathy
Diabetic retinopathy is the damage caused by the destruction of the nerve layer of the eye called retina which is formed as a result of the damage caused in the diabetic vessels.
What are the risk factors?
The duration of diabetes and high blood sugar levels are the most important factors. Pregnancy also triggers the development of diabetic retinopathy. Hypertension and renal failure worsen diabetic retinopathy unless well controlled. Smoking, high cholesterol, anemia are other important risk factors.
What are the symptoms?
In the early stages of diabetic retinopathy, usually patients do not have any complaints. However, as a result of fluid leakage into the macula (vision center), there may be a decrease in central vision. This is called macular edema.
If blood sugar levels are high and necessary treatments are not performed, diabetic retinopathy proceeds. Vascular changes and blockages increase, and the retina begins to form new vessels that are thinner than the normal vessels, easily bleedable, and branched out very quickly to feed itself. In the diabetic retinopathy table, due to the small amount of nutrients, accumulations of material similar to cotton clusters (soft exudates) indicating that the transmittance has stopped in the nerves, new vessel formation, formation of membranes on the retina due to the increase of a number of substances and vitreous hemorrhage can be seen.
What are the methods used in diagnosis?
First of all, the patient needs to have a detailed ophthalmologic examination and eye reconstruction. Fundus camera imaging and recording of the posterior segment, fundus fluorescein angiography, optical coherenceography and ultrasonographic evaluations are other commonly used technological auxiliary systems.
How is the treatment applied?
Currently, intraocular anti-VEGF injections are frequently used in the first step. With this application, both the visual acuity and the fragile new retinal vessels that cause bleeding can be treated. Retinal laser photocoagulation therapy is also used as a gold standard for treating retinal tears, which are both the same and alternative. Vitreoretinal surgery is the treatment in severe complicated haemorrhagic cases.
Age-Related Macular Degeneration
Today, age-related macular degeneration is the most common cause of blindness in people over 50 years of age in our country and the world. Risk factors include advanced age, family history, ultraviolet light, smoking and hypertension. However, the two most important risk factors for age-related macular degeneration are advanced age and genetic predisposition. The first complaint of the patients is a decrease in visual acuity, irregular vision and fracture in vision.
Age related macular degeneration is generally divided into two groups as dry and wet. In the dry type was observed in 90% of cases, the remaining 10% are had wet type macular degeneration.
Following the examination in age-related macular degeneration, some tests are performed to confirm the diagnosis, determine the type of treatment to be performed and follow-up. Fundus fluorescein angiography (FFA), indocyanine green angiography (ICG) and optic coherenstomography (OCT) are the most frequently used examinations.
There is no definitive treatment for dry-type macular degeneration and frequent follow-up should be done because of the risk of transformation into wet type. Patients should perform the Amsler test which is a kind of visual field test on a daily basis (Figure 1); they should immediately consult with the ophthalmologist when fractures, curvatures or disappearances develop in the existing lines. In order to protect against macular degeneration, 100% ultraviolet-proof sunglasses should be worn from early ages, carotenoid and lutein rich, green leaf vegetables should be taken into consideration, hypertension should be controlled and tobacco products should not be used.
Intravitreal drug therapy with anti-VEGF agents, which are directly effective against VEGF (vascular endothelial growth factor), which leads to age-related macular degeneration and which provides the formation of vasculature under the retina layer, is the most current treatment approach.
Eye Diseases are a physical disorder that may develop due to environmental or genetic factors and may cause various visual problems. All kinds of diseases that occur on the eyelids, in hyaloid membrane which protects the eye against the external influences and known as the transparent layer, tear ducts, eye lenses or eye tissues that surround the eye are called eye diseases.
What Are the Causes of Eye Diseases?
Eye diseases may develop due to genetic or environmental causes. The most common causes of eye diseases:
- Work in more or less light, making it difficult to see,
- Eye damage resulting from foreign body escaping into the eye,
- Side effects of sinusitis, headache, flu, colds and febrile diseases,
- Dry eye problem due to obstruction or environmental factors in tear ducts,
- Disorders such as diabetes, heart disease,
- Genetic features (eye disease in family history).
What are the Symptoms of Eye Diseases?
Any problem in the eye, which is one of the most important sensory organs of the body, can be easily noticed because of a decrease in vision or cause of complaints such as stinging, burning and similar disorders in the eye. One or more of the problems such as;
- Weight and pain in the eyes,
- Feelings of a foreign object in the eye,
- Lachrymation, tears in the form of crying, burring problems,
- Severe eye itching, redness and burning sensation,
- Contraction in the field of view and low vision,
- Low eyelid and swelling of the eyelids,
- Bending head to one side to see and squinting eyes
Retinal Diseases
What is Retina?
The retina is the layer that forms the most inner layer of our eyeball and contains the light-sensitive cells and nerve fibers that make us see. Specialized region, which provides the center vision and on which the light is focused, is called macula (yellow dot) in retina.
Symptoms of Retinal Diseases
- Sudden or slow vision loss
- Distorted vision
- Seeing as looking thorough the water drop
- Light flashes
- Circulating objects in front of the eyes
- Vision screening
- Temporary and short-term vision loss
- Formation of dark areas in the field of view
What are Retinal Diseases?
- Diabetic Retinopathy
- Retinal Detachment
- Vitreous Hemorrhage
- Age-Related Macular Degeneration (yellow spot disease)
- Genetic Disorders of the Retina
- Retinopathy of Prematurity (ROP)
- Retinal Vein Occlusions
- Macular Hole
- Dice formed in front of the retina
- Infective and noninfective inflammatory diseases of the retina
- Degenerative Myopic Retina
- Retinal dystrophies (such as Retinitis Pigmentosa, Stargardt Hast)
- Retinal tumors
Cataract
What is cataract?
Cataract, also known as “screening of the vision” or “aksu” in folk language, is fuzzy or dense areas formed in the eye lens. The eye lens is behind the iris and the pupil. Its task is to create an image on the retina, which covers the inner face of the posterior aspect of the eye and is light sensitive. If the lens starts to blur, vision can be impaired as the light transmittance is blocked.
When cataract occurs, the chemical composition of the lens also changes. However, the causes of this chemical change are not yet fully known. Cataract in old age is the most known one among the other cataract types. However, this type of cataract is also encountered at fifty or even younger ages. In addition, cataracts may occur with diabetes, other system diseases, drugs and eye injuries. Babies can be born with hereditary cataract or it may occur in their first years of life. Complaints that the patient may notice include: - Foggy, misty, blurred vision, sometimes double vision; however, as the cataract progresses, this condition often disappears.
- Need to change glasses lenses frequently. However, when cataracts exceed a certain point, glass replacement cannot improve vision.
- Feeling like there’s a film in front of the eyes, vision, like looking behind a tulle or cascade. People with cataract, often blink their eyes to see well.
- Changing the color of the pupil, which is usually black … When the eye is examined, the pupil may be gray, yellow or white, but these changes may not always be noticed.
- Light problems, such as driving at night, become increasingly difficult, because the misty part of the lens distributes headlight beams from the opposite side and causes them to appear double or dazzle. Likewise, anyone who has a cataract complains that he/she cannot find enough light while reading or doing works close. "Second vision": In some people, when a cataract reaches a certain level, they gain a temporary reading comfort as a result of myopia. As the cataract develops, the vision begins to deteriorate again.
Who should undergo cataract surgery? When should undergo cataract surgery?
When visual impairment progress starts to disrupt patient’s daily life, cataract surgery should be performed. If the cataract is fully developed and becomes opaque as frosted glass, it should be treated more urgently. It is even possible for a mature cataract to swell and even to be distributed in the eye. Such changes present a danger of permanent vision loss.
In congenital cataracts, surgery should be performed immediately when vision is prevented.
How is cataract surgery performed?
There are various techniques. Depending on the condition of the eye and the patient, the surgeon who will perform the surgery will decide which technique to use. The most widely used method is phacoemulsification. The purpose of the surgery is to remove the whole part of the lens of implanted eye or the material inside it. When an artificial lens is not replaced by this natural lens, the patient will be doomed to thick glasses. Therefore, artificial intraocular lens should be placed in most patients.
Glaucoma
Glaucoma, commonly known as ocular tension or blackwater disease, is a common eye disease that can cause loss of vision, affecting millions of people.
What are the symptoms?
In glaucoma, elevated fluid pressure in the eye causes vision loss and damage to the visual nerve which is necessary for eyesight. Primary open-angle glaucoma is the most common cause of glaucoma-associated blindness in the world. Usually it doesn't give any symptoms, it proceeds quietly and secretly.
What are the factors that increase the risk of glaucoma?
Advances in age, familial history of glaucoma, smoking, diabetes, myopia, hyperopia, high - low blood pressure, long - term use of cortisone, migraine, severe inflammation in the eyes and history of infection, previous eye surgery and eye injuries are the main reasons for this. Early diagnosis is very important because glaucoma does not give any symptoms and visual loss cannot be reversed. The earlier the disease is detected, the less the loss of vision is.
How is it diagnosed?
Measurement of eye tension with devices called tonometer, evaluation of eye nerve damage (eye ground treatment, OCT and HRT advanced technology testing devices), visual field test and eye drain angle examination (Gonioscopy), advanced methods for visual nerve and nerve fiber layer, OCT (optic nerve tomography) and HRT (nerve fiber analysis) devices are of great importance in the planning of diagnosis and treatment of glaucoma.
How is the treatment?
In the treatment, primarily drugs that reduce intraocular pressure can be given. Laser and surgical treatment can also be applied if necessary. Narrow-angle glaucoma is another type of glaucoma characterized by intense eye pain, blurred vision and redness in the eye, which can be manifested by a sudden crisis and cause vomiting with nausea. If the emergency treatment is not done, vision may be lost. In glaucoma seen in infants, there is severe watering, sensitivity to light, growth in the eyes and graying of the eyes. Treatment of congenital glaucoma is mainly surgery.
Lacrimal duct obstruction
The lacrimal sac and lacrimal ducts deliver the tears to the nasal cavity. Obstruction of these channels for various reasons causes the tears to flow out. This obstruction may be congenital, or may be due to trauma, inflammation or nasal surgery.
What are the symptoms?
In patients with occluded tear ducts, symptoms such as continuous flowing of the tears out, inflammation of the lacrimal sac, redness of the lacrimal sac and swelling of the sac.
What are the treatment methods?
Open surgery is a classical operation that has been performed for nearly a hundred years (Toti surgery). However, the endoscopes, which are gained by the rapid development of technology in medicine, have emerged internal, ie closed method,
as an option.
Lazy Eye
Lazy eye called amblyopia in medicine, is a 20% or more reduction in visual acuity in either eye or in one of the eyes. Its frequency in society varies between 2-4%.
Vision is a skill that the brain learns from birth. If there is a defect in the delivery of visual stimulation to the brain due to some congenital or subsequent ocular disorders (cataract, strabismus, high eye disorder, etc.), it can develop laziness in infancy and childhood when vision develops rapidly. Prevention of eye laziness and providing binocular vision (both eyes) are of critical importance, especially in the first two years, when the nervous system is still flexible. Therefore, the sooner the treatment is started, the better the results are. In particular, children who have lazy eye or strabismus in their family should have a complete ophthalmic examination by an ophthalmologist before the age of 3 years. However, even if there are no complaints or risk factors, a routine ophthalmologic examination is required by the ophthalmologist at the latest 3-4 years of age.
Retinal detachment
‘Retinal detachment’ is the separation of neurosensory retina, ie. nerve-sensory layer, from retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) which is the outer layer of the retina, by accumulating fluid between the RPE and photoreceptor (photosensitive) layers. Loss of visual function in the dissociated retinal region can progress to complete vision loss.
What are the syptoms of RD?
Patients with retinal detachment describe visual acuity at the beginning, oval-round shapes and spider web images, black and red spots and finally, loss of visual field, which corresponds to the separated retinal region. The severity of the symptoms may vary depending on the type, place and duration of detachment.
How to treat RD?
Surgical methods are applied in the rhegmatogenous retinal detachment. These include the compression of the sclera with an external, permanent or temporary material, closure of the rhegmatogenous using laser, crio or diathermy, intraocular tamponade (pneumatic retinopexy) and vitrectomy surgery.
Xerophthalmia
Dry eye is the lack of tears. The tear layer consists of a mucus layer that immediately spreads over the eye, an aqueous layer in the middle, and fatty (lipid) layers on the outermost side. The deficiency or disorder of any of these three layers leads to dry eye complaints and signs.
What are the complaints of dry eye patients?
Dry eye patients may complain of dryness in the eyes, burning, stinging, foreign body sensation, redness, wind or cigarette smoke disturbance, formation of mucus strands around the eyes and/or difficulty in using contact lenses. These patients may occasionally complain of dryness-induced irritation and paradoxical watering.
What are the causes of dry eye?
Tear secretion decreases in men and women with advancing age. However, dry eye is especially common in postmenopausal women. Apart from this, diuretic, blood pressure-lowering, anti-allergic, antidepressant drugs, sleep drugs and alcohol can cause dryness of the eye.
Severe dry eye may be associated with Sjögren Syndrome, which is accompanied by dry mouth. In this case, patients have an immune-dysfunction or connective tissue disease, which usually involves joint rheumatism, as well as whole-body systems. Sjögren syndrome is usually seen in women around 50 years of age.
How is dry eye diagnosed?
A simple eye examination by an ophthalmologist can easily diagnose dry eye. The patient's history is also very helpful in the diagnosis. In addition, the staining of the tears with special dyes or the determination of the amount of tears with the help of tear strips are also simple tests for diagnosis.
How is dry eye treated?
In order to keep the eye moist, there are many artificial tears and gels that replace the tears. Patients who feel the need to use artificial tears more than 4-5 times a day, there are also disposable artificial tear preparations which do not contain preservatives. Cyclosporine, which is essentially an immunoregulatory drug, is one of the newest drugs used in dry eye treatment recently. It is reported that this drug, which can be instilled into the eye in the form of a suspension, increases the production of tears by reducing the inflammation of the major tear gland.
Diabetic Retinopathy
Diabetic retinopathy is the damage caused by the destruction of the nerve layer of the eye called retina which is formed as a result of the damage caused in the diabetic vessels.
What are the risk factors?
The duration of diabetes and high blood sugar levels are the most important factors. Pregnancy also triggers the development of diabetic retinopathy. Hypertension and renal failure worsen diabetic retinopathy unless well controlled. Smoking, high cholesterol, anemia are other important risk factors.
What are the symptoms?
In the early stages of diabetic retinopathy, usually patients do not have any complaints. However, as a result of fluid leakage into the macula (vision center), there may be a decrease in central vision. This is called macular edema.
If blood sugar levels are high and necessary treatments are not performed, diabetic retinopathy proceeds. Vascular changes and blockages increase, and the retina begins to form new vessels that are thinner than the normal vessels, easily bleedable, and branched out very quickly to feed itself. In the diabetic retinopathy table, due to the small amount of nutrients, accumulations of material similar to cotton clusters (soft exudates) indicating that the transmittance has stopped in the nerves, new vessel formation, formation of membranes on the retina due to the increase of a number of substances and vitreous hemorrhage can be seen.
What are the methods used in diagnosis?
First of all, the patient needs to have a detailed ophthalmologic examination and eye reconstruction. Fundus camera imaging and recording of the posterior segment, fundus fluorescein angiography, optical coherenceography and ultrasonographic evaluations are other commonly used technological auxiliary systems.
How is the treatment applied?
Currently, intraocular anti-VEGF injections are frequently used in the first step. With this application, both the visual acuity and the fragile new retinal vessels that cause bleeding can be treated. Retinal laser photocoagulation therapy is also used as a gold standard for treating retinal tears, which are both the same and alternative. Vitreoretinal surgery is the treatment in severe complicated haemorrhagic cases.
Age-Related Macular Degeneration
Today, age-related macular degeneration is the most common cause of blindness in people over 50 years of age in our country and the world. Risk factors include advanced age, family history, ultraviolet light, smoking and hypertension. However, the two most important risk factors for age-related macular degeneration are advanced age and genetic predisposition. The first complaint of the patients is a decrease in visual acuity, irregular vision and fracture in vision.
Age related macular degeneration is generally divided into two groups as dry and wet. In the dry type was observed in 90% of cases, the remaining 10% are had wet type macular degeneration.
Following the examination in age-related macular degeneration, some tests are performed to confirm the diagnosis, determine the type of treatment to be performed and follow-up. Fundus fluorescein angiography (FFA), indocyanine green angiography (ICG) and optic coherenstomography (OCT) are the most frequently used examinations.
There is no definitive treatment for dry-type macular degeneration and frequent follow-up should be done because of the risk of transformation into wet type. Patients should perform the Amsler test which is a kind of visual field test on a daily basis (Figure 1); they should immediately consult with the ophthalmologist when fractures, curvatures or disappearances develop in the existing lines. In order to protect against macular degeneration, 100% ultraviolet-proof sunglasses should be worn from early ages, carotenoid and lutein rich, green leaf vegetables should be taken into consideration, hypertension should be controlled and tobacco products should not be used.
Intravitreal drug therapy with anti-VEGF agents, which are directly effective against VEGF (vascular endothelial growth factor), which leads to age-related macular degeneration and which provides the formation of vasculature under the retina layer, is the most current treatment approach.
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